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- <text id=93CT1800>
- <title>
- Netherlands--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Europe
- Netherlands
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Alonzo de Ojeda, a Spanish navigator, landed in Curacao in
- 1499, and in 1527 the Spanish took possession of Curacao,
- Bonaire, and Aruba. In 1634, the three islands passed to the
- Netherlands, where they have remained except for two short
- periods of British rule during the Napoleonic Wars. The Windward
- Islands changed hands often during the 17th and 18th centuries
- but have been under Dutch control since the early 19th century.
- Curacao was the center of the Caribbean slave trade until
- emancipation in 1863.
- </p>
- <p> In the early 20th century, the establishment of oil
- refineries brought prosperity to Aruba and Curacao. Venezuelan
- crude oil was refined and served as a major source of petroleum
- products used by Allied forces in Europe during the Second
- World War. American forces helped defend the islands during the
- war. A large financial services industry was established when
- Dutch companies relocated from occupied Holland to Curacao.
- </p>
- <p> Before the war, the six Dutch Caribbean islands were
- administered as Dutch colonies; afterward, negotiations to
- confer a greater measure of self-government began. With the
- signing of the Charter of the kingdom on December 15, 1954, the
- Netherlands Antilles became an autonomous part of the kingdom.
- In a 1983 agreement, Aruba sought autonomy from the Netherlands
- Antilles. On January 1, 1986, it achieved separate status equal
- to that of the Antilles and is slated to become fully
- independent in 1996.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Politics centers on personalities rather than platforms.
- Parties are identified with certain individuals, as well as with
- individual islands. In the Antilles, no national parties exist;
- parties peculiar to each island form coalitions at the national
- level.
- </p>
- <p> The political spectrum is narrow, with no extreme parties of
- the right or left represented in national or island
- legislatures. Some parties are affiliated with the
- international Christian Democrat or socialist movements. The
- National People's Part (PNP) on Curacao and the Aruba People's
- Party (AVP) lean toward the Christian Democrats, while the New
- Antillean Movement (MAN) in Curacao and the People's Electoral
- Movement (MEP) in Aruba lean toward the Socialist International.
- </p>
- <p> National elections in both Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles
- took place in November 1985, on the eve of separate status for
- Aruba. In each case the party receiving a plurality of the vote
- was, nevertheless, excluded from the government in preference
- for a coalition of smaller parties. In the Antilles the PNP, led
- by Maria Liberia-Peters, was forced into opposition by a
- coalition anchored by Don Martina's MAN party and Claude
- Wathey's Democratic Party of St. Maarten. Martina succeeded
- Liberia-Peters as Minister President. The Martina government
- fell in March 1988, when the governing coalition lost its
- one-vote majority with the withdrawal of the Frente Obrero
- party over planned civil service cutbacks. On the instructions
- of the governor, Maria Liberia- Peters formed a new coalition
- government based on a simple majority in May 1988. In Aruba,
- the MEP, led by the leading advocate of separate status, Betico
- Croes, won a plurality in 1985, but a coalition led by Emans's
- AVP formed the first government. (Croes was injured in an
- automobile accident on the eve of separate status and died 11
- months later.)
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- January 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-